Bharat, Shalini. “Racism, racial discrimination and HIV/AIDS.” Retrieved November  18 (2002): 2012.

The author of this scholarly journal is by Shalini Bharat, a Professor in the School of Health Systems Studies, Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai. She is also the Program Director, Saksham, the Global Fund supported an initiative which implements the TB-HIV Counselling program in Mumbai in collaboration with the Mumbai District TB Control Society. The purpose of this journal is to inform the audience on how people were profiled and discriminated against against based on their race, gender, and sexual preferences during the AIDS epidemic. She compares this profiling to that done during tuberculosis, cholera and plague outbreak and claims that women, children, people of color, and sexual minorities were unjustly targeted for discrimination. This is valuable because it can explain why landlords used this epidemic as a scapegoat as to why they were able to racially profile and not allow certain groups of people in their apartment. This also proves that there is a direct connection between these lack of housing for homosexuals and most colored people because of this assumption that they all have it. There are limitations because since this is a secondary source, some of the information may be skewed or some facilities were not willing to release more accurate information for this study.

Davies, Alan. “AIDS and (Its) Gentrification by Alan Davies.” Poetry Foundation, Poetry Foundation, 9 Apr. 2013, www.poetryfoundation.org/harriet/2013/04/aids-and-its-gentrification-.

This source is by Alan Davies who is a well-known poet who was a native Canadian who moved to New York. He is also a featured writer for Harriet. The purpose of this source is to expose what Sarah Schulman, the author of The Gentrification of the Mind: Witness to a Lost Imagination, has to say about the gentrification in New York City during the AIDS epidemic as discussed in her novel through an interview. This source is valuable because it provides us with the direct opinion of someone who has experienced these changes hands on. She discusses how there were a lot of political issues that were tied in with this social change. The interviewer was able to extract the process in which gentrification occurs from the author although it was brief. The limitations are that Schulman does not provide the readers with the thought process behind the gentrifiers. Since she does not approach the audience that she contributed to the gentrification of Harlem, there is no way to understand the thought process behind landlords and gentrifiers with a credible opinion. However, she does provide us with her personal experience.

 

Foderaro, Lisa W. “Harlem’s Hedge Against Gentrification.” The New York Times, The New York Times, 15 Aug. 1987, www.nytimes.com/1987/08/16/realestate/harlem-s-hedge-against-gentrification.html?pagewanted=all.

This source was written by Lisa Foderaro who is a metropolitan news reporter for the New York Times. She was born into the journalism business since her father is an editor for The Asbury Park in New Jersey and her mother is a retired newspaper editor. In this article, she interviewed local Harlem residents ad gathered their opinions on the general happening of gentrification. They provide the readers with the knowledge of how gentrification can quickly happen and they share the trends since 1980. It discusses the displacement that happened in the 1960’s and discusses how it changed when it came to the spread of AIDS. It is valuable because this is a primary source for the locals gave their views on a first-hand basis. They were able to share their experience with facing gentrification. Since it specifically focuses on Harlem, this helps my research even more. However, the limitations are that this source does not specifically state that their changes were from the AIDS epidemic and that only opinions from residents who were affected were given.

 

Luhmann, Daniel. “‘ACT-UP’ STAGES SIT IN AT CITY HALL TO PROTEST BUDGET  CUTS TO AIDS HOUSING PROGRAMS.” LaGuardia Wagner Archive,  05.002.18449, The Council of the City of New York, May 08, 2012,  http://www.laguardiawagnerarchive.lagcc.cuny.edu/ImageDetail.aspx

This source is an image provided by one of the City Council speaker’s photographers Daniel Luhmann. This was also provided through the Council of the City of New York. This picture depicts two men who look distressed who are also being held back by the police. As the picture was captioned, it can be assumed that these men were protesting against budget cuts to housing for people with AIDS. This is valuable because not only would the viewer understand that the segregation was problematic to the extent where those who had AIDS were set out into their own ghetto in the act of containing the virus. This shows that people were also not silent about this treatment. The limitations are that the viewers are unable to know what the characters in the photograph were saying exactly or what was said to them that created this uproar.

National Research Council (US) Panel on Monitoring the Social Impact of the AIDS Epidemic.  “The HIV/AIDS Epidemic in New York City.” The Social Impact Of AIDS In The United States., U.S. National Library of Medicine, 1 Jan. 1993, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK234564/.

This source is a case study based on collected data that analyzes the social impacts in New York City along with New York state. The purpose of this article is to focus on how and why certain

Racial groups in New York City were impacted more than others during the outbreak of this disease. It has information gathered from researchers who provided local information from units in Harlem, Bronx Lebanon, Woodhull, and St. Vincent’s hospitals. It discusses the course of the disease starting with the statistics of who has contracted the disease by sex and age from the five boroughs. This source is valuable because it provides the readers with data not far from the time zone that I will be focusing on (does not focus later than 1993). It also gives readers visual aid with easy to follow graphs and includes reactions to certain groups of people during this time. The article also has a section that discusses the impact of families from the disease which talks about how this affected the housing and rent market. The value held in this source is that it is told from an outside perspective with little to no bias due to the fact that it is informational. However, the limitations are that it is difficult to understand how someone who was directly impacted by AIDS and the gentrification that followed with it felt during the time. The statistics do not allow any points of view but provides readers with why the disease spread.

Schulman, Sarah. The Gentrification of the Mind: Witness to a Lost Imagination. California University Press, 2013.

This source is a memoir of the author’s, Sarah Schulman, experience with AIDS within the years of 1981-1996. Schulman is also an American novelist, playwright, historian, and activist for gay rights. The purpose of this memoir is to share her experience with being in the ring of fire of the AIDS epidemic in Lower East Side. She inputs her personal thoughts and talks about how the disease not only impacted people’s health but also where people lived. She includes how the AIDS epidemic became a gateway to gentrification at a more rapid rate.

This source is particularly valuable because it not only touches on the impact of the disease socially but explains the gentrification phenomenon and how and why it happened. It discusses the idea that since people were dying off at rapid rates, landlords would decrease the rent in order to attract new tenants from the suburbs. This also provides readers with the topic of landlords denying tenants due to their sexual preferences and race. She includes why it was a good idea for landlords to do this, which can act as a counterargument. Since this is a memoir, it allows the readers to be able to engage themselves with the tension and fear of the time and to know what someone in New York felt. The limitations are that she was not one who was profiled by landlords nor was she a landlord. Since it is told primarily from the author’s point of view, it is difficult to understand how those being directly affected by gentrification, although she was close to it.

 

Schwartz, Alexandra. “New York’s Necessary New AIDS Memorial.” The New Yorker, 19 June 2017, www.newyorker.com/culture/cultural-comment/new-yorks-necessary-new-aids-memorial

This source was written by Alexandra Schwartz, a staff writer at The New Yorker and has written several successful articles for this company. This article’s purpose is to discuss the AIDS epidemic in New York City specifically and how the city handled the spread of the disease.

The author talks about how real estate, in particular, plays a role in the stories that New Yorkers had to tell when dealing with this situation. This article is valuable because the author included several interviews with New Yorkers who experienced this epidemic. She has gathered people who lived in areas in Manhattan such as Harlem. The citizens that she interviewed talked about how people with AIDS were denied housing and they were determined to create and find housing for those who were rejected. Some who were interviewed also were diagnosed with AIDS so this allows the reader to emotionally connect with the article and be able to have a better understanding of how devastating real estate has become. The limitations are that although we are provided with how people dealt with the issue, the readers are not provided with the actual rationale to why landlords denied them and there was no focus on racial groups. Their stories also have a little more focus on the plague itself compared to the way real estate impacted their lives.